Ritalin (Methylphenidate)

Ritalin is a mild central nervous system stimulant. It affects chemicals in the brain and nerves that contribute to hyperactivity and impulse control. Ritalin is used to treat attention deficit disorder (ADD), attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and narcolepsy (an uncontrollable desire to sleep). When given for attention deficit disorder, Ritalin should be an integral part of a total treatment program that includes psychological, educational, and social measures. Ritalin may also be used for other purposes not listed in this medication guide.

Attention Deficit Disorders, Narcolepsy

Attention Deficit Disorders (previously known as Minimal Brain Dysfunction in Children). Other terms being used to describe the behavioral syndrome below include: Hyperkinetic Child Syndrome, Minimal Brain Damage, Minimal Cerebral Dysfunction, Minor Cerebral Dysfunction.

Ritalin is indicated as an integral part of a total treatment program which typically includes other remedial measures (psychological, educational, social) for a stabilizing effect in children with a behavioral syndrome characterized by the following group of developmentally inappropriate symptoms: moderate-to-severe distractibility, short attention span, , emotional lability, and . The diagnosis of this syndrome should not be made with finality when these symptoms are only of comparatively recent origin. Nonlocalizing (soft) neurological signs, learning disability, and abnormal EEG may or may not be present, and a diagnosis of central nervous system dysfunction may or may not be warranted.

Benzodiazepines Pills

The benzodiazepine class of psychoactive drugs has varying sedative, hypnotic (sleep inducing), anxiolytic (antianxiety), anticonvulsant, muscle relaxant and amnesic properties. These properties make benzodiazepines useful in treating anxiety, insomnia, agitation, seizures, muscle spasms, alcohol withdrawal, and for medical or dental procedures. Benzodiazepines vary in their elimination half-life, being categorized as either short-acting, intermediate-acting or long-acting. Short- and intermediate-acting benzodiazepines are preferred for the treatment of insomnia. Longer-acting benzodiazepines are preferred for the treatment of anxiety.

The first of its kind, chlordiazepoxide (Librium), was discovered accidentally by Leo Sternbach; it was introduced to the market in 1960 and was quickly followed by diazepam (Valium). The therapeutic properties are mediated by enhancing the effect of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA at GABAA receptors, which results in a depressant effect on the central nervous system. Due to an improved safety profile, benzodiazepines largely replaced barbiturates as the most commonly prescribed sedative hypnotics. However, they are now beginning to be replaced in turn by the nonbenzodiazepines, especially for treatment of insomnia

Benzodiazepines are generally safe and effective in the short-term, although cognitive impairments or paradoxical effects such as aggression or behavioral disinhibition occasionally occur. Their use in the longer term is not recommended due to their propensity to cause tolerance, physical dependence, addiction and a withdrawal syndrome upon cessation of use. They are also major drugs of abuse. Other drawbacks from long term use include their propensity to cause or worsen sleep problems, cognitive deficits, depression, anxiety and panic attacks as well as agoraphobia. The elderly are at an increased risk of suffering from the adverse effects.

There is controversy concerning their safety in pregnancy; while they are not major teratogens, uncertainty remains whether they cause major malformations in a small number of babies. Taken during gestation, they can however cause neonatal withdrawal effects. Benzodiazepines are often taken in overdoses, but because they are much less toxic than their predecessors the barbiturates, overdoses rarely are fatal. When they are combined with other central nervous system depressants such as alcohol or opiates, however, the potential for overdose greatly increases. This is particularly problematic in the drug misusing community.

Between the most important benzodiazepines they are: Xanax XR (PFIZER), Valium (ROCHE), Alprazolam, Diazepam, Dormonid (Midazolam ROCHE), Clonazepam, Rivotril (ROCHE), Ativan (WYETH), Lorazepam, Ritalin (NOVARTIS), Xanax (PFIZER)




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